What is Dilutional hyponatremia?
Dilutional hyponatremia was defined as a serum sodium level of lower than 130 mEq/L after 5 days of a diet containing 50 mEq/d of sodium, restricted water ingestion (<500 mL/d), and no diuretic therapy.
Why do you restrict water with hyponatremia?
A decrease in sodium level inhibits an antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion, and consequently, the excreted amount of water via the kidney increases. Hyponatremia develops only when the water-intake amount exceeds the water-excretion capacity of the kidney.
How is hyponatremia classified according to volume status?
Hyponatremia is classified according to volume status, as follows: Hypovolemic hyponatremia: decrease in total body water with greater decrease in total body sodium Euvolemic hyponatremia: normal body sodium with increase in total body water Hypervolemic hyponatremia: increase in total body sodium with greater increase in total body water
What does nephrolithiasis mean in terms of calculi?
Nephrolithiasis specifically refers to calculi in the kidneys, but renal calculi and ureteral calculi (ureterolithiasis) are often discussed in conjunction. The majority of renal calculi contain calcium.
What kind of nephrostomy is needed for struvite calculi?
In up to 40% of patients, a percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) tube is subsequently required to allow adequate renal drainage. [ 18] If the renal infundibula are narrow, stone fragments that stem from SWL are unlikely to pass and remain in the calyces.
Do you need an ureteral stent for struvite calculi?
As with SWL, the passage of a large stone burden requires an indwelling ureteral stent, and multiple treatments may be required. For both monotherapy SWL and retrograde ureteroscopic lithotripsy, rendering the patient stone free is difficult, especially in the setting of dilated collecting systems and dependent lower pole calyces.