What is the rate of HIV transmission from female to male?

The overall probability of female-to-male HIV-1 transmission for a single act of sexual intercourse was 1– in –159, based on all 745 men in the study. The figure is several times greater than infectivity estimates for serodiscordant couples in the US or Europe, which range from 1-in-10 000 to 1-in-1111.

How does HIV spread in India?

The Indian epidemic is concentrated among vulnerable populations at high risk for HIV. The concentrated epidemics are driven by unprotected sex between sex workers and their clients and by injecting drug use with contaminated injecting equipment.

Which state in India has highest HIV?

State/UT-wise, Maharashtra was estimated to have the highest number of new HIV infections in 2019 (8.54 thousand), followed by Bihar (8.04 thousand), Uttar Pradesh (6.72 thousand), West Bengal (3.97 thousand), Gujarat (3.37 thousand) and Delhi (2.99 thousand).

What is the most common mode of transmission of HIV in Indian society?

The predominant mode of HIV transmission is through heterosexual contact, the second most common mode being injecting drug use.

Which is the most common mode of transmission?

Direct contact transmission occurs when microorganisms are transferred by direct physical contact with an infected or colonized individual. Direct contact is one of the most common modes of transmission.

At what CD4 level should antiretroviral therapy start?

This work showed that starting antiretroviral therapy at CD4+ T-cell counts between 200 and 350 cells/µL improves survival compared with deferring treatment until the CD4+ T-cell count drops to less than 200 cells/µL (the standard of care at the time).

What are the five routes of transmission?

The transmission of microorganisms can be divided into the following five main routes: direct contact, fomites, aerosol (airborne), oral (ingestion), and vectorborne.

How is HIV transmitted from male to female?

The potential for HIV transmission by female-to-female sexual contact includes unprotected exposure to vaginal or other body fluids and to blood from menstruation, or to exposure to blood from trauma during rough sex.

How many women are living with HIV in India?

In 2017, an estimated 1.6% of female sex workers in India were living with HIV, although this figure varies between states. 10 For example, prevalence among female sex workers is estimated at 7.4% in Maharashtra and 6.3% in Andhra Pradesh. 11 Although sex work is not illegal in India, associated activities such as running a brothel are.

What are the main drivers of HIV / AIDS in India?

The four main drivers of HIV infection in India differ in order from those elsewhere in the world and are commercial sex work, general heterosexual intercourse, injecting drug use and unprotected anal sex between men who have sex with men.

When was the first case of HIV detected in India?

India has embarked on a targeted HIV prevention strategy in recent years which is strongly associated with a fall in infection rate in both low- and high-risk groups. The first cases of HIV infection in India were detected in 1986 among female sex workers in Chennai.